Experiences in Sweden and internationally show that stability analyses of existing railway embankments on peatland often result in low safety factors. This has primarily been assumed to be due to the strength of the peat being underestimated in calculations. It is uncommon for embankment failures to occur during the operational phase.
This report presents a research project on the strength properties of low- and medium-decomposed peat. The purpose of the project was, through field testing, to determine how undrained shear strength in the vertical/active direction changes over time beneath embankments, to investigate strength anisotropy through laboratory testing, and to study the calculated safety factor for existing embankments using both traditional and newly proposed methodologies.
Three field sites in Sweden with disused railway embankments were studied, where the strength properties of the peat were investigated both beneath the embankments and in adjacent bog areas. In the field, soundings were carried out using CiPPT (developed in the project), CPT, T-bar, and vane shear tests. Sampling was conducted with the old SGI sampler and the new SGI sampler (tested in the project). In the laboratory, triaxial tests, direct shear tests, and various compression tests were performed.
Stability calculations for the investigated railway embankments were carried out using the proposed new methodology, which considers the measured strength anisotropy and strength development of the peat. For comparison, safety factor calculations were also performed using the traditional method for investigating and assigning strength properties of peat.
Within the project, a new methodology was developed for assigning peat strength properties to improve stability calculations using undrained analysis for existing embankments on peat.
A new sounding method, CiPPT, was developed, tested, and calibrated. Empirical correlations for CiPPT for determining peat strength were established, along with a smaller CiPPT device for probing under existing railways and roads.
Various empirical correlations for peat strength, mainly related to triaxial and direct simple shear tests, were developed for practical application.
The results of the project indicate that many existing railway and road embankments on peat are sufficiently stable and therefore do not require reinforcement. This results in economic and environmental savings by avoiding carbon dioxide emissions and conserving natural resources.
Finally, this report provides recommendations that can be used for investigating the strength of low- and medium-decomposed peat and for calculating stability using undrained analysis for existing railway and road embankments on peat.